Most people believe climate change primarily affects others

Peer-Reviewed Publication

University of Gothenburg

News Release 12-Jan-2026

A meta-analysis of 83 studies, involving more than 70,000 participants from 17 countries, shows that climate-related risks are systematically underestimated and perceived as more likely to affect someone else rather than oneself. Sixty-five per cent of participants assessed their own risk of being affected by climate change as lower than that of others.

“The studies we have compiled do not measure people’s actual risk. We cannot determine whether individual risk assessments are overly optimistic, but at the group level we clearly see that the majority perceive their own risk as lower than that of others,” says Magnus Bergquist, Senior Lecturer in Psychology at the University of Gothenburg.

Who people compare themselves with matters

A central question in the study concerned whom people compare themselves with. The results show that the choice of reference group plays a significant role, and that risk assessments are most distorted when people compare themselves with ‘general others’, such as fellow citizens or humanity as a whole, as well as in countries with lower overall climate risk.

The researchers observed the effect in Europe, the United States and Asia, but the discrepancy was most pronounced among Europeans.

Experience leads to a more realistic assessment

Eighty-one of the 83 studies included in the meta-analysis showed that participants rated their own risk as lower than that of others or lower than the average, both in relation to extreme weather events and more general climate-related risks.

“We found the effect in all but two studies, where participants were farmers in China and South Korea who had been directly exposed to the consequences of climate change. This suggests that direct experience reduces the effect,” explains Pär Bjälkebring, Senior Lecturer in Psychology at the University of Gothenburg.

Misjudged risk delays climate action

Overall, the results of the meta-analysis on how people perceive climate-related risks indicate that our understanding is limited and flawed, which may delay necessary action.

“Even when people recognise the real risks posed by climate change, many seem to perceive these risks as primarily affecting others. This is a psychological bias that, in the worst case, can slow down both climate adaptation and mitigation efforts,” says Magnus Bergquist.

Contact

• Magnus Bergquist, Senior Lecturer in Psychology
  Phone: +46 (0)70 249 25 13
  Email: magnus.bergquist@psy.gu.se

• Pär Bjälkebring, Senior Lecturer in Psychology
  Phone: +46 (0)31 786 16 65
  Email: par.bjalkebring@psy.gu.se

Study

• Meta-analytical Evidence of a Self–Other Discrepancy in Climate Change-related Risk Perceptions, published in Nature Sustainability