News Release 7-Oct-2025

Panama Canal may face frequent extreme water lows in coming decades

A new study found historic droughts could become common for Gatún Lake, the main source of water for the Panama Canal locks

Peer-Reviewed Publication

American Geophysical Union

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WASHINGTON — In 2023, Panama experienced one of the worst droughts in its recorded history, and it severely depleted water available to the Panama Canal, so much that it decreased shipping by 30%. A new study projected that those historic water lows could become the new norm if greenhouse gas emissions continue to rise.

“If we mitigate emissions and we choose one of the lower emissions pathways, then it really keeps this system pretty stable,” said Samuel Muñoz, lead author of the a new study and a researcher studying  hydrologic and climatic variability at Northeastern University. “But if we don't, then these low water levels that are really disruptive now become the norm by the end of the century.”

The canal works by pulling water from freshwater sources such as Gatún Lake, a large man-made lake that also provides drinking water to thousands of residents in nearby Panama City and Colón.

The water is pulled into the canal to raise and lower water levels in locks which allows heavy boats to pass through Panama to move between the Atlantic and Pacific oceans. More than 26 million gallons of water is needed to fill the locks for ships to pass through.

In January 2024, the Woodwell Climate Research Center reported water levels in Gatún Lake, the main lake that feeds the Panama Canal locks, were lower than ever previously recorded. The lake was nearly 2 meters (6 feet) lower than it was just one year prior. This meant Panama Canal Authorities reduced how many ships could move through the canal from 38 to as low as 22 per day and the ship’s cargo needed to be lower in weight. 

Muñoz built a model to predict how water levels could change in the next 75 years in different greenhouse gas emissions pathways.

The study was published in Geophysical Research Letters, AGU’s journal for high-impact, short-format reports with immediate implications spanning all Earth and space sciences. 

The different scenarios looked at how increased greenhouse gases would change variables like temperature, evaporation, rainfall and other factors that shift with climate change. The scenarios ranged from strong mitigation of greenhouse gas emissions to the current trending levels to extreme and worsening scenarios of emissions.

Drying of the canal

The model used projected evaporation and precipitation in different greenhouse gas emission scenarios to make its predictions and was compared to historical data to confirm its accuracy. It considered changes in water levels from rain and evaporation over the Gatun Lake watershed.

The study found that the occurrence of historic droughts, like those experienced in the last few years, will double by the end of the century under high emissions pathways.

The biggest contributor to projected droughts were decreases in rain during Panama’s wet season, particularly as drought compounded over months and years. Higher emissions were associated with increased evaporation and a decrease in rain across all months; however May through August saw the highest decrease of 50 mm (2 in) rain per month.

In scenarios where emissions undergo more aggressive mitigation, water levels in the Gatún Lake looked as they have for the last century, with only slight decreases. If greenhouse gases continue to rise, however, droughts like the one in 2023 will become commonplace.

Right now, Muñoz said we are at a crossroads where the world can mitigate emissions that would stabilize Gatún Lake water levels. But if we head down a pathway of less mitigation, the Panama Canal will continue to face operational challenges in the coming decades. Canal authorities are already improving water use efficiency and beginning the development of a new reservoir to adapt to a potentially drier future.

Muñoz hopes to expand his study to include different operational decisions and scenarios, and to reduce uncertainties in climate model predictions for Panama. He expressed an interest in collaborating with Panamanian authorities and scientists in this work as they plan canal operations and adaptation strategies for the coming decades.